DISEASES OF THE OVARY

OVARIAN TUMOURS
May arise at any age , but commonest between 30-60 years of age.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

• Ovarian tumours are very liable to become malignant
• Ussually asymptomatic and painless in their stages.
• May grow to large size and may undergo mechanical complication(pressure symptoms,torsion or perforation)

The incidence of OvarianTumours varies from 1-3%
About 75% of these are BENIGN.

OVARIAN ENLARGEMENT
May be CYSTIC or SOLID
However; solid ovarian tumours are almost invariably NEOPLASTIC (Malignant)

SYMPTOMS
The majority of of Cystic Ovaries are SYMPTOMLESS

• Menstrual disturbanceFor rare tumours which secrete hormones (Endocrine effect) Most Ovarian tumours DO NOT affect Menstuation.
• Pain; torsing,rupture and infection
• Abdominal girth 
• Pressure symptoms
• Malignancy
• InfertilIty

CAUSES OF ENLAGERMENT OF OVARY

1. Hypertrophy
2. Corpus luten
3. Ovarian Pregnancy
4. Oophoritis
5. Endometriosis
6. Distension or Retention Cysts
7. Lutein Cysts of Pregnancy
8. Primarey Neoplasms of the Ovary
9. Secondary (Metastatic) Neoplasms

PATHOGENESIS OF OVARIAN TUMOURS

The Principal of Ovarian Tissues are;

1. Epithelial Cells deriverd from the Coelomic Epithelium
2. Oocytes deriverd from the Germ Cells
3. Mesenchymal elements from the Gonadal Stroma

NB; For some unknown reasons ABNORMAL GROWTH may occur from any of the elements ; and CLASSIFICATION is based on the structure from which the growth occurs

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN TUMOURS

Small Tumours lying in the Pelvic cavity

• Full bladder
• Pregnancy early
• Uterine Fibroids
• Chronic salpingitis ( large hydrosalpinx)
• Pelvic kidney

Large Abnormal Ovarian Tumours

• Obesity
• Ascites
• Pregnancy -late
• Mesenteric cysts
• Hydronephrosis
• Hydrosalpinx.

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Postmortem Changes of Forensic Importance

In this content you will be able to understand the following aspects;

1. Define what is death
2. Mention & describe various postmortem changes
3. Explain the usefulness of postmortem changes in forensic practice
4. Explain the challenges of using the PM changes in resolving forensic issues

 Potential usefulness of postmortem changes

• Possible interference with the body Estimation of postmortem interval
• Possible interference with the body
•  Indication of the cause of death

• DEFINITION OF DEATH

1968 edition of Blac’ks Law Dictionary: The cessation of life; the cessation of exist; defined by physicians as the total stoppage of the circulation of blood, and cessation of vital functions consequent thereon, such as respiration, pulsation, etc

Challenges from medical advances

 1. Advanced resuscitation techniques (CPR etc) capable of reviving of the many clinically dead

2. Advanced life-sustaining equipment capable of maintaining blood pressure, circulation and respiration in individuals with brain death

Developments necessitated revision of definition of death

 From cessation to irreversible cessation of respiratory and heart activity following modern resuscitation attempts.

Medicolegal Implications of Determination of Death 

1. The earliest determination of death for prompt harvesting of organs for transplantation purposes 

2. The legality of discontinuation life-supporting equipment 

3. The determination of the time of death in criminal and civil litigations

Factors Affecting Cooling

• Initial body temperature
• The body dimension
•  The posture
• Clothing and coverings
• Ambient Temperature
• Medium around the body

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Teeth Whitening at Home with Baking Soda – Amazing Results!

Baking soda or sodium bi-carbonate is a common fixture in every kitchen across the world. Majorly used for baking, cooking and cleaning purposes, the baking soda is also used as a popular alternative for brushing your teeth. So much so that multiple toothpaste companies have started including baking soda as one of the components in their toothpastes. Baking soda works as an excellent agent against plaque formation by tea, coffee, tobacco  thereby lending you those shiny pearly whites. But is it really all pros and no cons?

When baking soda comes in contact with water it forms an alkaline solution, which releases free radicals that facilitate teeth whitening. There are other benefits of brushing teeth with baking soda apart from just a brighter smile. By attacking the plaque formation its prevents dental decay, cavity formation and gum diseases to a very large extent. It also fights bad breath by balancing the acidic levels of residual food. Further, it also helps in treating painful mouth ulcers. The alkaline combination of baking soda and water neutralizes the acidic nature of the ulcer, and allowing you to enjoy your food in peace. However, brushing with baking soda has its own share of risks as well:

1. Not as well packaged as toothpaste: It’s messy. Brushing teeth with baking soda may be inexpensive, but it’s certainly not neat. Baking soda manufacturers have not mastered the handy packaging you find among most toothpastes.

2.     Not enough to fight cavities: Experts suggest that baking soda isn’t capable in itself to fight the plaque as it lacks the ability to kill bacteria which would eventually add to the plaque formation.  It also lacks the adequate amount of fluoride that is required to prevent cavities.

3     Can damage enamel:If not used in correct proportion baking soda can even end up damaging yourtooth enamel and lead to tooth decay.

3. 4. Can cause damage to gums: Just as excess of it can wear off your enamel, similarly if not used consciously baking soda’s abrasive properties can cause problem for gums.
   5. Not good for dental glue: Repeated usage of baking soda can soften the adhesive used to hold the braces and similar retainers, and also leave dark spots. Therefore, people using braces are advised to keep away from it.
   6. It is gritty and leaves an uncomfortable after-taste: It feels gritty and does not have the best of taste. In order to prevent the after-taste experts suggest mixing baking soda with your toothpaste, or trying it in combination with other flavours like peppermint, glycerine or strawberry.

Majority of the above problems should arise only if baking soda is not used with enough discretion. The following tips would help you get maximum benefits of brushing your teeth with baking soda.

1. Change your style of brushing: Majority of people start brushing with a particular side, in case of right handed people it is usually the upper-left side of your jaw-line. Baking soda is gritty and if not applied evenly with water there are chances of certain sections of your jaw receiving excess grit thereby weakening the enamel and gum tissue of the surrounding area.

2. Mix and match: Baking soda can prove to be an excellent tool against plaque formation when used along with some of these substances apart from the usual water and salt.

• Baking Soda and Lemon Juice or Vinegar: Lemon  consists of excellent bleaching abilities. You can mix lemon juice or vinegar with baking soda  and let it sit for two-three minutes before rinsing it with cold water. In case of vinegar, you can brush your teeth with regular toothpaste to get rid of the taste of vinegar.
• Baking Soda and Peppermint Extract: To combat that weird after-taste, you can mix it with a hint of peppermint extract for an exciting flavor.
• Baking Soda with Strawberry:Strawberry is known to have high oxidizing properties, You can use the pulp of one whole strawberry and make a paste of it with baking soda, and apply it on to your teeth, this would give you whiter teeth.

Use it consciously: Scrubbing your teeth vigorously with baking soda can cause damage to the tooth. It is advisable to brush your teeth with baking soda no more than a few times in a week. And when you do use it to brush your teeth, don’t let it sit on your teeth for more than two minutes.

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UNDERSTANDING STEPS TO SUCCESSESS FOR YOUR WEIGTH LOSS

Weight loss goals commonly coincide with vacation plans, reunions and weddings. In order to address the added kilos, there is a very critical component to success that is commonly overlooked.

If you start a weight loss programme and begin to fall of track, it’s usually not your bulging belly or your expanding upper thighs that get in the way—it’s your brain.

Preparing your mind for weight loss is more important that the programme itself. We will lay out the four-step solution to help you start and complete your exercise and nutrition regimen.

This process will not only help you become more successful and healthy, but also make it easier to restart if you get off track.

PREPARATION

Begin by thinking of your weight loss goal as a project, much like renovating your kitchen or restoring a car. In order to complete such a project you would need a solid, effective and realistic plan of action.

Remember that is not about superficial rewards, it’s about the complete package. No one cares about a gorgeous kitchen renovation if the appliances don’t work.

Take care of your body on the inside so it shows on the outside. If you sacrifice your health to lose weight, you’ll just die lighter.

 REFLECT AND REFINE

Start by reflecting on diets and workout programs that you have tried in the past. What can you learn from them?

Instead of reading another “six-pack abs in three days” book or trying another crazy lemon juice diet, consider what has worked historically for you. What approaches have you followed that not only made you look good, but also feel good?

Remember what foods you were able to give up easily and which ones were deal breakers. Identify what exercise programme was most effective and yielded the best results. When you’re done reflecting, you may find one or two approaches that worked for you, if any at all.

If you have identified yourself as someone that has never found an exercise and nutrition programme that has worked, it’s time to figure it out.


Start by knowing that an exercise and nutrition programme is a necessity for weight loss success. Write out your current diet and exercise programme for one week. Do you have one? If not, you have already identified part of the problem.

The most common nutritional challenges that people face include:

• Where and when you eat

• How and where you shop for groceries

• Where and when you prepare food.

THE PLAN

Begin by writing out your new diet and exercise programme for one week. A few helpful points include:

• Eat minimal fruits and increase consumption of vegetables. Fresh green, leafy vegetables are a necessity in a weight loss programme.

• Eat lean proteins. In general, two legs are better than four. Four legged animals usually have a higher fat content.

• The fewer chemical food products you eat, the better. If you can’t pronounce the ingredients, don’t put it in your mouth.

Executing the plan

Research has shown it takes three to four weeks to create a new habit. The longer you stick with your new nutrition and exercise programme, the easier it gets.

All good things are worth fighting for. If it was easy, everyone would be at their goals. Executing and reflecting on the results of your new programme is critical for ongoing planning and goal setting. Journaling is a great way to review what is working for you and what is not.

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FACTS: Did You Know? A man’s Weight Can Affect His Sperm’s Genetic Makeup

A man’s weight affects his sperm’s genetic makeup and could lead to a predisposition to obesity in his children, according to a Danish study published in the journal Cell Metabolism.

A five-year study undertaken by Dr. Romain Barres of the University of Copenhagen has revealed that the sperm of thin and obese men have different genetic markers, which could change gene behavior in the body.

Dr Romain Barres believes it is wrong for health advice (not to drink alcohol, to stay away from pollutants, to eat a balanced diet, etc.) to be exclusively targeted at women during pregnancy. He asserts it is also important for men to adopt a healthy lifestyle before a child is conceived.

To come to this conclusion, the researchers tested the sperm of six obese men who were undergoing bariatric surgery to reduce the volume of their stomach. Sperm samples were taken before the procedure, one week after it, and for a third time a year later.

The findings showed that the men’s sperm had undergone significant changes a week after the operation and a year later. Different genetic markers were observed, which could change the way genes express themselves in the body.

Their findings were the same when they compared 13 slender men who had a Body Mass Index of less than 30 with 10 moderately obese men.

No scientific study has explained how these changes occur. However, the researchers found a link between these genetic changes and the genes which control the appetite and the brain.

In other words, a man’s weight can influence the health of his children, in particular whether they have a predisposition to obesity. Dr. Barres said “Until we know more, would-be parents should just aim to be as healthy as possible at the time of conception and not be drawn to faddy diets or other activities in order to try and influence the health of their children in ways we don’t properly understand.”

To undertake further research into this change in the sperm’s genetic makeup, his lab is now working with a fertility clinic to study the genetic differences in embryos (that must be discarded and can be used in research after 5 years, under Danish law) resulting from the sperm of men of different weight.

Once the researchers have accumulated a large number of participants, they will be able to issue new comparative data after studying the cord blood of the children that each of the men fathered.

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Houston Mitchell Was Ryan Lochte robbed at gunpoint or wasn't he? Depends on who you believe

 Ryan Lochte

Ryan Lochte was robbed at gunpoint Saturday night. Ryan Lochte was not robbed at gunpoint Saturday night. Will the real version of these Rio Olympics events please stand up.
No, that's not the worst remake of "To Tell the Truth" ever, that's the story the media have been trying to report all Sunday morning in Rio.
As first reported by Ben Way of Fox Sports Australia, Ryan Lochte's mother, Ileana, said that her son had texted her and said he was robbed at gunpoint after a taxi he was in stopped to get gas. His wallet was taken but he was otherwise fine.
Not long after that was reported, the IOC, the USOC and Ryan Lochte himself said the story was untrue (with no explanation as to why his mother was saying such things).
So, false alarm, all is well. Except USA Today then contacted Lochte's mom, who told them that yes, indeed, her son had been robbed at gunpoint. Ileana Lochte said she was on her way to see Ryan. "I’ll be OK when I see him,” she said.
So was Lochte robbed? Was he not robbed? Was this a mass hallucination brought on by Olympics fever?  Hopefully we will find out.

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U.S. swimmer Lilly King spars with Russia's Yulia Efimova over doping

U.S. swimmer Lilly King gets set for the semifinals in the women's 100-meter breaststroke on Sunday. 

Simmering discontentment over Russian swimmer Yulia Efimova participating in the Olympics after twice being banned for doping boiled over on national television Sunday.
After U.S. swimmer Lilly King recorded the fastest semifinal time in the 100-meter breaststroke, she didn’t hide her feelings about Efimova during a brief interview with NBC.
“You’re shaking your finger ‘No. 1’ and you’ve been caught for drug cheating,” King said. “I’m not a fan.”
Efimova, who has the world’s second-fastest time in the event this year, shook her finger as she was loudly booed before and after her semifinal race at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium.
King didn’t back down from her comments when speaking with reporters in the mixed zone.
“That’s kind of my personality,” she said. “I’m not just this sweet little girl.… If I do need to stir it up to put a little fire under my butt or anybody else’s, then that’s what I’m going to do.
“It’s unfortunate that that’s going on in the sport right now, but that was her decision and [boos] are what’s going to happen.”
Last month, the International Swimming Federation announced Efimova’s Olympic ban as part of Russia’s doping scandal. She was one of seven Russian swimmers barred from the Games who had either failed doping tests or were named in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s investigation into state-sponsored doping by the country.
Efimova, 24, previously served a 16-month suspension for doping and earlier this year failed a test for meldonium, a banned substance, though the result was overturned.
She was quietly reinstated last week. Neither the International Swimming Federation or the International Olympic Committee has provided an explanation for the decision.
Efimova declined to answer questions after the semifinal.
Should she be swimming in Rio de Janeiro?
“It was the IOC’s decision and I’m going to respect that decision even though it’s not something that I agree with,” King said.

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